فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 58 (بهار 1400)

Sanctions are one of the coercive international tools of governments to change their behavior, which is applied with the aim of significant and fundamental changes in the norms, structures and behaviors of countries. In recent decades, the most important factor that has led to sanctions against Iran has been Iran's nuclear program. Given the importance of the economic system in recent years, one of the most important sectors that has always been sanctioned by the United States has been the Iranian economy. Accordingly, we seek to examine the nature, scope and scope of US economic sanctions on Iran's economic system. Also, what effect have these sanctions had on Iran's economic system? In addition, what preventive measures can be taken to reduce its effects?

This article is written in a descriptive-analytical method.

The Effect of US Economic Sanctions Effective on Drugs and Medical Equipment, Food Security (Healthy Nutrition), Employment, Adequate Housing, Clean Air, Banking and Monetary System, Commercial Industries (Oil and Gas-Agriculture) and Trade Foreign is the restriction on the purchase and supply of imported goods, increasing costs and prices of imported goods. prevent the impact of sanctions, more effective strategies such as economic diplomacy and resistance economics, production of economic knowledge based on sanctions and strengthening non-governmental economic diplomacy should be considered in economic policies, especially in the law of five-year development plans.

The rate of smuggling of goods in our country, despite the follow-up and attention of high-ranking executive officials for many years, although it has faced fluctuations and we have witnessed at sometimes a decrease. But it still damages the foundations of the country's economy and production, which is one of the most important problems in the country in the economic field today. Despite the various efforts and measures that have been taken in the field of combating smuggling of goods over the years, the desired and expected result of these confrontational policies has not been achieved. 

In this research, a qualitative approach is used and the method of analysis in this research is content analysis. Data entry is the upstream and downstream documents of organizations involved in smuggling, as well as interviews with relevant individuals.

The findings of the study show that various preventive judicial policies in the field of combating smuggling of goods seem to be in the field of combating smuggling of goods, the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran do not have a proper response in science and practice and most policies adopted in this field Divergence of organizations and forces involved and waste of financial and human resources.

The strategy of differentiating criminal law leads to increasing accuracy and also speeding up criminal proceedings. In addition, the application of this strategy to criminological findings, especially in order to pay attention to the criminological characteristics of a number of criminal behaviors such as security crimes that leave harmful / widespread effects, and also to consider The dangerous situation of criminals (in terms of criminal capacity and degree of social adjustment) and the conditions of the victims are rooted.

The present research has been done through a descriptive-analytical study in the form of a library and through taking notes.

Among the differential strategies for preventing crimes against security in the field of substantive criminal prevention can be criminalized and security-oriented punishment and in the field of criminal prevention can be limited to the defense rights of the accused, increase the length of detention and supervision and Establishment of special courts and development of their jurisdictions and in the direction of security-oriented criminology can be influenced by patterns of criminological prevention from the differential approach of security orientation, success of situational prevention (situational orientation) in the approach of security orientation and the possibility of violation of legal principles Man pointed out.

With the security approach, the prevention of delinquency in both criminal and non-criminal strategies (criminology) is not in accordance with human dignity, rights and civil liberties of citizens and has led to violations of human rights principles and This view is not approved.

The Consensus on Global Counter-Terrorism can be considered the product of UN General Assembly Resolution (A / RES / 60/288) and the Action Plan annexed to it in 2006. Accordingly, all UN member states agreed on a common strategic and operational framework for combating terrorism. In doing so, they sent a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in all its forms and manifestations, and decided to take practical, individual and collective measures to prevent and combat it. Meanwhile, preventive measures have always been considered in policies as an effective approach to counter-terrorism. Therefore, the question arises as to what new policies have been implemented in recent years to prevent terrorist acts in the international arena.

This article is written analytically-descriptively.

International policies can be divided into three categories based on measures taken in the field of preventive policies in the form of international treaties, preventive policies in the practice of governments and preventive policies in the performance of international organizations.

Crime and its prevention in any region is an important necessity for planners, criminologists and policy makers. The aim of this article is to investigate the role and impact of Karaj prisoners on informal settlements in this metropolis with a crime prevention approach (between 2006 and 2019). Accordingly, crime prevention in marginalized areas is crucial due to the special potential of these areas for criminal acts and the existence of populous families in these areas; Because committing criminal acts in these areas has an educational aspect to family members and they are weak in terms of the existence of control and deterrent mechanisms in these areas. Therefore, the need to prevent crime in these areas is very important.

The method of this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously in informal settlements between 2006 and 2019. From the perspective of the purpose is the type of applied research.

The findings of the study show that the formation of inappropriate and informal settlements around the prisons and the increase in crime have not been unrelated to the site of Karaj prisons. With the physical and demographic expansion of cities, penitentiaries that were outside the city space have gradually entered part of the city interior space. .

The results show that with the widespread influx of immigrants into cities and the resulting changes, the rate of crime has increased significantly.

Crimes against science are those criminal behaviors that violate scientific values. By committing these crimes, which are diverse, many damages are inflicted on the scientific system. These include nurturing non-scientific graduates, reducing social trust in scientific institutions, and creating challenges for scientific development. In Iranian criminal policy, in addition to criminalization and penalization in this field, through the Act of prevention and combating fraud in the preparation of scientific works in 1396, attention has been paid to the prevention of a number of them. Accordingly, in order to understand its various aspects and how to pay attention to preventive mechanisms, one should examine the envisaged measures.

In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used.

In Iranian criminal policy, comprehensive and differential institutions have been identified to prevent crimes against science. These fledgling institutions must take steps to reduce the number of unscientific crimes, such as fraudulent dissertation writing, through careful planning and the use of appropriate individualistic and situational prevention methods.

In Iranian criminal policy, despite the provision of this law, there is no coherent policy to prevent anti-science crimes. Therefore, reviewing scientific policies, such as how to promote or admit students, as well as the adoption and implementation of knowledge-based preventive methods can play a role in this regard.

The aim of this study is to identify and compare the thematic trends of crime prevention concepts in the three time periods before 2001, Eighties (2001-2010), nineties (2011-2019).

Methodology: 

This research is a scientometric study. Vocabulary analysis and strategic diagram have been done. The research population is 7910 scientific products in the field of crime prevention.

The most important keywords in this area are crime, punishment, criminal, city. The keywords of the 80's (second period) have been 60% different compared to before 2001 and the keywords of the 90's (third period) compared to the 80's (second period) have changed 79%. The most important keywords before 2001 are crime, punishment and delinquency. The most important keywords of the eighties are crime, punishment and criminal, and the most important keywords of the nineties are crime, city and punishment. The overall result of three decades confirms that research in this field before 2001 has a legal approach and sometimes translates and localizes legal knowledge abroad. In the eighties, research has been done more with a sociological approach and cyberspace, and in the nineties, research in the eighties has been analyzed in a more specialized way. The main clusters in this area are crime, mitigation of punishment, crime of conflict of laws, cyberspace, government and citizen security, which can be seen in both mature legal and cultural judicial approaches. General approach Until the eighties, the legal nature of the judiciary, in the eighties and nineties, the rise of socio-cultural nature has grown.

The tendency to resolve disputes through arbitration due to its features and benefits as well as the reduction of court appeals has flourished today. This method has the necessary capacities to be used in various lawsuits, including its effectiveness in family disputes. Accordingly, we seek to examine the position of the arbitral tribunal in resolving family disputes in Iranian law. And how can using this method in resolving family disputes prevent crimes in this regard?

This article is written in an analytical-descriptive manner.

In the studies conducted, it is observed that Iranian law has the necessary capacity to use dispute resolution through arbitration in resolving family disputes, and thus can prevent crimes due to the escalation of disputes. Between couples, it reduces the burden on the courts and prevents delays in litigation, and ultimately improves the judicial system.

Arbitration in family lawsuits is different from arbitration in commercial lawsuits and arbitrators do not have the right to vote. Therefore, it is necessary to amend the laws in this regard and resolve family disputes through arbitration in terms of nature, powers of arbitrators and the possibility of referring more cases of disputes to arbitration to provide easier conditions

Parenting styles have a significant impact on the incidence of behavioral disorders in children. The quality of parental behavior affects academic performance, relationships with peers, and the tendency to delinquent behaviors in adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parenting styles in preventing adolescents' tendency to delinquency.

This research is a survey and correlational study. The samples of this study include 380 male high school students in Khorramabad city who were randomly selected in several stages. Bamrind (1972) parenting style questionnaire and Ayati delinquency questionnaire (2014) were used to collect data. In this study, Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between rational parenting style and delinquency (P≥0.001). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between authoritarian and negligent parenting styles with delinquency (P≥0.001). Based on the results of regression analysis, rational and authoritarian parenting style significantly predicts student delinquency (P≥0.05). According to the results of parenting style, parents' rational authority can be used as a deterrent to juvenile delinquent behaviors. The need for further studies to investigate the interaction of individual, family, social and environmental factors in the occurrence of delinquent behaviors for systematic etiology of delinquency to design effective preventive and therapeutic interventions was discussed.

Lack of timely forecasting and prevention of employees' delinquent behavior causes the main activities of the organization to face functional disorders and weakens the organization's performance. The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors in preventing learners' violations and to provide appropriate solutions to reduce staff violations.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and Delphi quality in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study included the commanders of the NAJA training centers and the experts of the NAJA Training and Education Deputy. A total of 35 people were selected as the statistical sample of the study. To collect data, the Delphi questionnaire was used in two stages and the opinions of experts on the main factors of preventing violations in employees were analyzed using Kendall's agreement coordination coefficient. SPss16 software was used to calculate the agreement coefficient of Kendall.

The analysis of experts 'opinions showed that the main factors in preventing learners' violations in specialized scientific schools include "situational prevention factors"; "Social prevention factors"; "Criminal prevention factors"; "Command agents"; "External factors"; There have been "protective and supervisory factors" and "managerial factors"

The general results of the research showed that correct and timely identification of the main factors preventing employee violations in the organization can prevent the occurrence of violations in employees,

Cyber ​​fraud is a new spectrum of crimes that have been formed due to the crystallization of a new space called information exchange environment or cyber environment. The characteristics of such crimes in terms of the context of the crime, the subject matter, the perpetrator, and the like have made the judicial procedure, especially in the field of punishment, seem different from other crimes.

The present study is a combination of descriptive-analytical study in the form of a library and through fish taking.

Prevention of cyber fraud is done from two axes of criminal prevention with regard to the punishments of Articles 67 of the Electronic Commerce Law and 741 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Penal Code and non-criminal prevention through situational prevention (increasing efforts). In committing a crime, the excuses for committing a crime will be eliminated, the incitement and benefits of committing a crime will be reduced, and social prevention (cyber and cyber community) will be carried out.

In the judicial procedure, due to the lack of equal understanding of judges and lack of sufficient expertise in the field of cyber and lack of knowledge of the situation and circumstances of this crime has caused differences and dispersal of opinions in the practical procedure of the courts, thus creating a single procedure and unity. Judicial procedure is essential in the criminal prevention of cyber fraud.

Apostasy is one of the topics of Islamic political jurisprudence which considers the departure of a Muslim from Islam as a punishment. But in this regard, the Iranian penal system is silent in determining its punishment and criminalization, and therefore, based on this, we will examine what is the view of Islam and the Iranian penal system on the issue of apostasy and its criminal nature? Also, what strategies can be expressed to prevent the crime of apostasy?

This article has been written analytically-descriptively.

The departure of a Muslim from religion causes the formation of apostasy and provides maturity, intellect, authority, knowledge of the meaning of the word and the intention to have a literal meaning and denial of the conditions for its realization. The law also does not provide for punishment. However, according to some articles such as Article 167 of the Constitution, Article 8 (ICCPR), Article 26 of the Press Law and Article 220 (ICCPR), apostasy is legally a crime. Regarding criminal prevention, determining the duty of apostasy in the law can lead to judicial justice while creating grounds for prevention. In the field of preventing the situation of popular participation in the form of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, various social, cultural, economic and economic